General Knowledge

Downfall of Muslims in Sub-continent and Role of Muslim Leaders

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Downfall of Muslims:  
 
The Muslims kept themselves aloof from western education as well as government service. But their compatriots, the Hindus, did not do so. They accepted the new rulers without reservation. They acquired western education, imbibed the new culture and captured positions hitherto filled in by the Muslims. If this situation had prolonged, it would have done the Muslims an irreparable loss. The man to realize the impending peril was Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan (1817 to 1898), a witness to the tragic events of 1857. His assessment was that the Muslims safety lay in the acquisition of western education and knowledge. He took several position steps to achieve this objective. He founded a college at Aligarh to impart education on western education lines. Of  equal importance was the Anglo-Muhammadan Education Conference, which the sponsored in 1886, to provide an intellectual forum to the Muslims for the dissemination of views in support of western education and social reform. Similar were the objectives of the Muhammadan Literary Society by Nawab Abdul Latif (1828 to 1893), but its activities were confined to Bengal.  
 
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan; The Great Reformer: 
 
 
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 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was averse to the idea of Muslims participation in any organized pilitical activity which, he feared, might revive British hostility towards the Muslims. He also disliked Hindu-Muslim collaboration in any joint venture. His disillusionment in this regard primarily stemmed from the Urdu-Hindi controversy of the late 1890s when the Hindu enthusiasts vehemently championed the cause of Hindi in place of Urdu. He, therefore, opposed the Indian National Congress, when it was founded in 1885, and advised his community to abstain from its activities. Syed Ameer Ali: 
 
 
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The contemporary of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and a great scholar os Islam. Syed Ameer Ali (1849 to 1928) shared his views about the Congress, but he was not opposed to Muslims organizing themselves politically body, he Central National Muhammadan Association. Although, its membership was  limited. it had above fifty branches in different parts of the Sub-continent and it had accomplished some solid work for the educational and political uplift of the Muslims. But its activities waned towards the end of the 19th century.</div>

History Pakistan Downfall of Muslims in Sub-continent and Role of Muslim Leaders

Downfall of Muslims: The Muslims kept themselves aloof from western education as well as government service. But their compatriots, the Hindus, did not do so. They accepted the new rulers without reservation. They acquired western education, imbibe…

History of Sub-continent

13:01 Unknown 0

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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" target="_blank">Muslim Rule in Sub-continent</a>: 
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The first permanent Muslim foothold in the South Asian Sub-continent was achieved with Muhammad Bin Qasim's conquest of Sindh in  C.E. An autonomous Muslim state was established and Arabic was introduced as official language. At the time of Mahmud of Ghazna's invasion, Muslim rule still existed, thought in a weakened from, in Multan and some other regions. The Ghaznavids (976 to 1148) and their successors, the Ghurids (1148 to 1206) were Central Asian by origin and outlook and they ruled their territories, which covered mostly the regions of present Pakistan, from capitals outside India. It was in early 13th century that the foundation of Muslim rule in India were laid with extended boundaries and Delhi as the capital. From 1206 to 1526 C.E., five different dynasties held sawy. Then followed the period of Mughal ascendancy (1586 to 1707), and their rule continued, thought nominally, till 1857. 
 
From the time of Ghaznavids, Persian replaced Arabic as the official language. The economic, political and religious institutions developed by the Muslims bore their unique impression. The law of the state was based on Shariah and in principle the rulers were bound to enforce it. 
 
Emergence of British: 
 
Meanwhile, the British had emerged as the dominant force in South Asia. Their rise to power was gradual extending over a period of nearly one hundred years. They replaced the Shariah by what they termed as the Anglo-Muhammadan law. English became the official language. These and other developments had great social , economic and political impact especially on the Muslims of South Asia. 
 
By: Ali Raza Attar </div>

History History of Sub-continent

Muslim Rule in Sub-continent: The first permanent Muslim foothold in the South Asian Sub-continent was achieved with Muhammad Bin Qasim's conquest of Sindh in C.E. An autonomous Muslim state was established and Arabic was introduced as official l…

President of Pakistan from 1956 to 2014

13:53 Unknown 0

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List <a href="http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/" target="_blank">President of Pakistan</a> 
 
In 1947 when Pakistan was found, the head of state was Governor-General, and the founder of pakistan Quaid-e-Azam became first Governor-General of Pakistan. After 9 years Governor-General change into President of Pakistan. Iskander Mirza was last Governor-General and also first President of Pakistan. The first elected President who served his complete five-year term was Asif Ali Zardari,husband of Benazir Bhutto. 1956 constitute replaced governor-general into president. Current elected President of Pakistan (2013) is Mamnoon Hussain from (Muslim League Nawaz). The residency of President is Aiwan-e-sadr Islamabad. 
 
1. Major-General Iskander Mirza (Mar. 23, 1956 to Oct. 27, 1958) 
 
 
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Iskander Mirza was born on 13 November 1988 in Murshidabad Bengal Residency, British India. Iskander Mirza was employed by Liaquat Ali Khan ( first Prime Mister of pakistan) in the Military Defence, Appointed as the first Defense Secratary. Mirza grew up in Bombay. He joined Elphinstone College, than University of Bombay. He joined British Army and was educated at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. Iskander Mirza died on 12 November 1969 (aged 69) in London, England, United Knigdom. 
 
2. General Ayub Khan (Oct. 27, 1958 to Mar. 25, 1969) 
 
 
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General Ayub Khan was born on 14 May 1907 at Rehana, Haripur district of North-West-Frontier- Province, British India (now in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa). For his basic education khan was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was 4 Miles away from his village. After some time he moved to a school in Haripur, where he lived with her grandmother. Ayub Khan did well at Sandhurst and was given a commission as Second Lieutenant in the Indian Army then he joined the 5th Punjab Regiment. 
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3. General Muhammad Yahya Khan (Mar. 25, 1969 to Dec. 20, 1971)</div>
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General Muhammad Yahya Khan was born on
4 February 1917 at 
Chakwal, Punjab, British India (now in Punjab, Pakistan). Muhammah Yahya Khan was commissioned into the Indian Army. He served in World War II. Muhammad Yahya Khan helped to establish the communication channel between US to China, which would be 
used to set up the Nixon trip in 1972. Yahya Khan died on 10 August 1980 (aged 63) Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 
 
4. Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Dec. 20, 1971 to Aug. 13, 1973) 
 
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<a href="http://www.bhutto.org/" target="_blank">Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto</a> was born on 5 January 1928 at Larkana,  Sindh, Bombay Presidency, British India. In 1957, Bhutto became the youngest member of Pakistan's delegation to the United Nations. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was selected as Prime Minister in 14 August 1973 – 5 July 1977 at that time Fazal Elaji Chaudary was President of Pakistan. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was selected as Speaker of the National Assembly. Mr. Bhutto was died on 4 April 1979 (aged 51) Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 
 
5. Fazal Elahi Chaudhary (Aug. 14, 1973 to Sept. 16, 1978) 
  
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Chaudhary Fazal Elahi was born on 
1 January 1904 at Kharian, Punjab, British India (now in Punjab, Pakistan). He was elected as member of the National Assembly in 1970 on the ticket of Pakistan Peoples Party and was elected as the Speaker of  National Assembly in 15 August 1972 and left 13 August 1973. Fazal Elahi joined Aligarh Muslim University in 1920, receiving his LLB in Civil law in 1924. Fazal Elahi died on 2 June 1982 (aged 78) Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 
 
6. Zia-ul-Haq (Sept. 16, 1978 to Aug. 17, 1988) 
  
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A Dark History of Pakistan Began: Zia-ul-Haq was born
on 12 August 1924 at Jalandhar, Punjab, British India (now in Punjab, India). Zia graduated from St. Stephen's College, Delhi, 
United States Army Command and General Staff College. He was the one who made promise to Yasir Arafat and Shah Faisal at Khana Kaba (Masjid-ul-Haram) that he won't kill Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and he will be granted life but after few days he broke his promise and killed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Ex Prime Mister of Pakistan. Zia died on 17 August 1988 (aged 64) at Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 
 
7. Mr. Ghulam Ishaq Khan (Aug. 17, 1988 to July. 18. 1933) 
 
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He was acting President of Pakistan from Aug. 17, 1988 to Dec. 13, 1988 and elected from Dec. 13, 1988 to July. 18, 1993. Ghulam Ishaq Khan was born on 20 January 1915 at Ismail Khel, North-West Frontier Province, British India (now in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). He was selected Defence Secretary of Pakistan from October. 12, 1975 to July. 5, 1977 and was also selected as Minister of Finance from 5 July 1977 to 21 March 1985. Ishaq khan died in 
27 October 2006 (aged 91) Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. 
 
8. Farooq Ahmed Khan Laghari (Nov. 14, 1993 to Dec. 2, 1997) 
 
 
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Farooq Ahmed Khan Laghari was born on 
29 May 1940 at Choti Zareen, Punjab, British India. After his initial schooling at Aitchison College,
 Lahore, Leghari graduated from the famous 
institute of Forman Christian College University, Pakistan where again he was among the best students. Then he went to study Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) at Oxford University, Britain. He was selected Foreign Minister from October. 19, 1993 to November. 14, 1993, at that time Benazir Bhutto was Prime Minister. He died on 20 October 2010 (aged 70) Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 
 
9. Justice Muhammad Rafiq Tarar (Jan. 1, 1998 to 2001) 
 
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Muhammad Rafiq Tarar was born on 
 2 November 1929 (age 84) at 
Gujranwala, Punjab, British India (now in Punjab, Pakistan). Rafiq Tarar was selected as Chief Justice of  Lahore High Court from March. 6, 1989 to October. 31, 1991. Rafiq Tarar chose a number of parties like   
Pakistan Muslim League (Before 1985) 
Pakistan Muslim League-Functional (1985–1988) 
Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (1988–present).  
 
10. General Pervaz Musharraff (June. 20, 2001 to August. 18, 2008) 
 
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General Pervaz Musharraff was born on 11 August 1943 (age 70) at 
Delhi, British India (now in India). He was selected as Chief of Army Staff from October. 6, 1998 to November. 28,2007, Preceded byJehangir Karamat. Political Parties that he joined are 
Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid (Before 2010) 
All Pakistan Muslim League (2010–present). 
 
He was also selected as Minister of Defense from October. 12, 1999 to October. 23, 2002. 
 
11. Asif Ali Zardari (Sept. 9, 2008 to Sept. 9, 2013) 
 
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<a alt="Asif Ali Zardari image" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifyx9Kaebf-CRmNxNb2DGPks1aFkms1h5et5RBG9w8TpEDXHN6EuTVaZ91WNv4fBvaVDMlD2UKDpf7NhUUOLFUTKLEG7FJRGi03wMFriJJ_2SVZyTjAMwxokl4hGYLFu-FaNisC1xX0hg/s1600/asif-ali-zardari-image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" title="Asif Ali Zardari image"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifyx9Kaebf-CRmNxNb2DGPks1aFkms1h5et5RBG9w8TpEDXHN6EuTVaZ91WNv4fBvaVDMlD2UKDpf7NhUUOLFUTKLEG7FJRGi03wMFriJJ_2SVZyTjAMwxokl4hGYLFu-FaNisC1xX0hg/s320/asif-ali-zardari-image.jpg" width="256" /></a></div>
Asif Ali Zardari was born on 
 26 July 1955 (age 58) Karachi, Pakistan. Asif Ali Zardari was the first elected President of Pakistan which complete his 5-years as President of Pakistan. He was Co-Chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari#cite_note-WSJ0809-9"></a> Asif Ali Zardari was married Benazir Bhutto on December 18 1987 Ex Prime-Minister of Pakistan. 
 
11. Mamnoon Hussain (Sep. 9, 2013 to Date) 
 
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<a alt="Mamnoon Hussain Image" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzhtSoba6J0BSmO11qB7ATFni_he42DIEeK4RpthbWLUEqa5XcVDF4n3zNDBMXI8Gw6Qq_dDOQwiKFWlVFKE-B2NHDzQ2SHGE5KD-wFI8cmIJiMH1yxrp5_q_2SOqeyS3O3YSEQzsy6QA/s1600/mamnoon-hussain-image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" title="Mamnoon Hussain Image"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzhtSoba6J0BSmO11qB7ATFni_he42DIEeK4RpthbWLUEqa5XcVDF4n3zNDBMXI8Gw6Qq_dDOQwiKFWlVFKE-B2NHDzQ2SHGE5KD-wFI8cmIJiMH1yxrp5_q_2SOqeyS3O3YSEQzsy6QA/s320/mamnoon-hussain-image.jpg" width="256" /></a></div>
Mamnoon Hussain was born on 
 23 December 1940 (age 72) at 
Agra, British India (now India). He was selected as Governor of Sindh from June. 19, 1999 to October. 12, 1999. Mamnoon Hussain was Graduate from Institute of Business Administration, Karachi. Political Party Pakistan Muslim League (N). Current President of Pakistan 
 
Note: Wasim Sajjad, While being the Chairman of the Senate, served as acting President from 18th July 1993 to 14th Nov. 1993, and from 2nd Dec. 1997 to 1st Jan. 1998.  
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By: Ali Raza Attar</th>
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 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari#cite_note-WSJ0809-9"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervaz_Musharraf#cite_note-BBC-103"></a></div>

Pakistan President of Pakistan from 1956 to 2014

List President of Pakistan In 1947 when Pakistan was found, the head of state was Governor-General, and the founder of pakistan Quaid-e-Azam became first Governor-General of Pakistan. After 9 years Governor-General change into President of Pakistan.…

Governor-General of Pakistan

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There are four <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" target="_blank">Governor-General of Pakistan</a> 
 
From its independence till March 22, 1956, There are Four Governor-General of pakistan. During this period Governor-Generals was the head of the Pakistan. The Governor-General of Pakistan are representative of pakistan in British monarch, in 1956 office of Governor-General was abolished. 
 
1: Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Aug. 15, 1947 to sept. 11, 1948) 
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<a alt="Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Image" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Z3R4D46LWD8m9_APvY8I6Vj2wLRNmyHPAoUVzMFJY6e3zYiH_bTIcGXojGS9foHFmz9YLkxrJdoukRmGil_seT8IzGCPq3SG86RwSQ6LhF9RQVOURs1RaCpgYfIlQ1TpQC8R__VXtck/s1600/quaid-e-azam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" title="Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Image"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Z3R4D46LWD8m9_APvY8I6Vj2wLRNmyHPAoUVzMFJY6e3zYiH_bTIcGXojGS9foHFmz9YLkxrJdoukRmGil_seT8IzGCPq3SG86RwSQ6LhF9RQVOURs1RaCpgYfIlQ1TpQC8R__VXtck/s1600/quaid-e-azam.jpg" width="267" /></a></div>
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born 25 December 1876 in karachi British India. Jinnah served as leader All-India Muslim League from 1936 to 14 August 1947. He was the first Governor-General of Pakistan, At this time Liaquat Ali Khan was the Prime-Minister. He was revered in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam, He also known as Baba-i-Qaum. Quaid-e-Azam was died in 11 September 1948 (aged 71) Karachi, Pakistan. 
<a href="http://www.quaid.gov.pk/clip_quaid.htm" target="_blank">Quaid-e-Azam Speech Video clip</a> 
 
 
2: Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin (Sept. 14, 1948 to Oct. 17, 1951) 
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<a alt="Khawaja Nazimuddin Image" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmdaw3NuVW0IxfWNPPGKrZxgn_mbM5ChJs1SRN3rCM2if4Ji6sR2NnwhKr5Ytrxslk1U9ztzQDWqRD7BPsEh_bCFI5aNVWHgkMoNjDAWsU43HPcbdGDJPBHNl3yqQocbvLiZxOH6GzQUM/s1600/Khawaja-Nazimuddin-Image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin Image"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmdaw3NuVW0IxfWNPPGKrZxgn_mbM5ChJs1SRN3rCM2if4Ji6sR2NnwhKr5Ytrxslk1U9ztzQDWqRD7BPsEh_bCFI5aNVWHgkMoNjDAWsU43HPcbdGDJPBHNl3yqQocbvLiZxOH6GzQUM/s1600/Khawaja-Nazimuddin-Image.jpg" width="239" /></a></div>
Khawaja Nazimuddin was born in 19 July 1894 Dacca, Bengal Residency, British India. He received his education from Dunstable Grammar School in England, then AliGarh Muslim University. In 1922 he was elected as Chairman of Dhaka Municipality and left 1929. In 1943 he was elected as Chief Minister of Bengal. Khuwaja Nazimuddin also became the head of Muslim League in Eastern India. He was Died in 22 Oct 1964 (aged 70) Dacca Eastern Pakistan. 
 
3: Malik Ghulam Muhammad (Oct. 19, 1951 to Oct. 5, 1955) 
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<a alt="Malik Ghulam Muhammad Image" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBr0TnqpeLPiS0DBWNtwRtKwCPnrMICPtiEebb5JTUjlT6w47bFG8rPAro_Qlpx59BNrlyGe3Ga8U29shyuJD5rDQaHaz-sFvQGO6B-IpQM9g0_jnNza-SXRv5uCNUk2Nt6yZJ0yxIB8k/s1600/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad Image"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBr0TnqpeLPiS0DBWNtwRtKwCPnrMICPtiEebb5JTUjlT6w47bFG8rPAro_Qlpx59BNrlyGe3Ga8U29shyuJD5rDQaHaz-sFvQGO6B-IpQM9g0_jnNza-SXRv5uCNUk2Nt6yZJ0yxIB8k/s1600/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad.jpg" width="203" /></a></div>
Malik Ghulam Muhammad was born 20 April 1895 in a small house at the Mochi Gate, He belongs to a Middle-Class family. Malik Ghulam Muhammad's major first duties was to represented Pakistan as Governor-General held in london in 1954. Iskander Mirza dismissed him, and Ghulam Muhammad diet the next year 1956 (aged 64). 
 
4: General Iskander Mirza (Oct. 9, 1955 to Mar. 22, 1956) 
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<a alt="General Iskander Mirza Image" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNXWIsvJ9PEQd4dSVI9NvfycIvw31brAyfpuL1l6ciOeiPmkBNeKSFFaL6z1oQmX90d9eKWo5J12XuyIti-VLF1U95HY7KUy1g8Wz1T88n8UPvMCjY_xJ6M5ded4ud-gmZgFrQwnoUH2w/s1600/Iskander-Mirza-Image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" title="General Iskander Mirza Image"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNXWIsvJ9PEQd4dSVI9NvfycIvw31brAyfpuL1l6ciOeiPmkBNeKSFFaL6z1oQmX90d9eKWo5J12XuyIti-VLF1U95HY7KUy1g8Wz1T88n8UPvMCjY_xJ6M5ded4ud-gmZgFrQwnoUH2w/s1600/Iskander-Mirza-Image.jpg" width="238" /></a></div>
Iskander Mirza was born 13 November 1899 Murshidabad, Bengal Presidency, British India. Mirza grew up in Bombay, receiving his education from Elphinstone Collage and the University of Bombay. He joined the British Army and was educated at the Military Academy Sandhurst. When Pakistan establish, Mirza was one of the highest-senior ranking government officer in the nation. He was appointed as Major General in 1990 and left 1992. 
 
End of Governor-General: 
Iskander Mirza was the last General-Governor in 1956  and also 1st President of Pakistan. 
 
 
By: Ali Raza Attar</div>

Pakistan Governor-General of Pakistan

There are four Governor-General of Pakistan From its independence till March 22, 1956, There are Four Governor-General of pakistan. During this period Governor-Generals was the head of the Pakistan. The Governor-General of Pakistan are representativ…

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Downfall of Muslims in Sub-continent and Role of Muslim Leaders

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President of Pakistan from 1956 to 2014

Governor-General of Pakistan